Residence-by-investment programs after the 2023–2025 wave of closures. Some countries tightened rules instead of killing the program entirely.
Income thresholds and processing times are primary-source figures from each country's immigration authority. Some programs also require bank-balance minima or proof of health insurance — see individual visa pages for full requirements.
Methodology on the methodology page. Each row links to the country brief with full source attribution.
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